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A few flares on the quiet M&A landscape
Author: Ri Bong Han, Bae Kim & Lee, Seoul
Korean M&A activity subsided a great deal in 2009, amid the worldwide financial gloom. There were few major transactions as compared to past years, and few legal or practice-related developments of much note. However, the year saw one of the largest and most sophisticated acquisitions in recent memory, the KKR-led purchase of OB Beer for $1.8 billion. KKR's first major deal in Korea, in which it teamed with Affinity Equity, may foretell an intensified M&A marketplace in Korea once the global economy rebounds.
In some startling news near year-end, Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) and allied shareholders in Hyundai Oilbank (a large refiner) won an ICC arbitration award, worth over $750 million, against controlling shareholders affiliated with IPIC, the Abu Dhabi investment vehicle. The arbitrators enforced a punitive call option under the joint venture agreement, ordering the IPIC group to sell its 70% stake in Oilbank to the HHI side at a significant discount. The award is unprecedented in Korea, and perhaps globally, in enforcing this type of co-investor remedy on such a scale.
The biggest M&A development of the year, however, was the vindication of an LBO structure, at trial and an appellate level, in a criminal case stemming from the 2007 acquisition of Hanil Synthetic Fiber by the Tong Yang industrial group. The recent appellate judgment is subject to a final appeal to the Korean Supreme Court, but meanwhile the case offers, potentially, significant guidance on key issues of director liability in the LBO context.
What is at stake is best seen in view of a well-known problem with LBO structuring in Korea. If a target company's director were to approve a pledge of company assets as security for an acquirer's loans, this may constitute a criminal breach of the fiduciary duties owed to the company. The risk became actuality in the now infamous case of a 2001 acquisition (of target Shinhan Corp.), when a Shinhan CEO was prosecuted for granting an asset pledge for the acquirer's benefit. The Supreme Court upheld his conviction in 2006.
In the 2007 takeover of Hanil Fiber (Target), Tong Yang, taking a lesson from the Shinhan decision, modified their original structure so as to eliminate a pledge of Target's assets, and to execute instead a two-step merger to push down the acquisition financing: The direct acquiring company (a newly formed SPV), and then Target itself, would merge into Tong Yang's main holding company (Holdco), and Target's large cash reserve would then be used to repay the loans (at that point in Holdco's name, but originally borrowed by the SPV).
Tong Yang fulfilled this plan in 2008, apparently supposing it circumvented constraints posed by the 2006 Shinhan decision. However, prosecutors brought charges of criminal breach of fiduciary duty against a Tong Yang-installed director of Hanil, and against Tong Yang's chairman as an accomplice. In implementing the merger and loan repayment, it was argued, the defendants had acted intentionally so as to harm Hanil, with a deal structure in effect no different from the asset pledge that was discredited by the Supreme Court in the Shinhan case.
At trial, ending in February 2009, the Tong Yang-allied defendants were acquitted. Without delving much into questions of actual intent or alleged "immoral purposes", the trial court concluded that prosecutors had failed to show actual economic harm to the Target resulting from the merger into Holdco. The court rejected the prosecutor's analogy to an asset pledge.
On appeal, in July 2009, the intermediate Busan High Court affirmed the acquittal. The court concluded it "could not find that Target" incurred harm as a result of the merger". Like the trial court, the upper court rejected the prosecution's reliance on the 2006 Shinhan case, and reasoned that the merger here was "fundamentally different in its premises" from a straight pledge of assets.
The appeals court's analysis is a bit obscure, but several facts emerge as significant. First, Tong Yang had relied in substantial part on its own resources to finance the deal. They had observed the due procedures in carrying out the merger. True, they had planned to use Target cash to repay the loans, but there was no proof that defendants purposed "merely" to exploit Target's assets. Tong Yang had a commercial interest in Target's business; it was not the case that they had "no intention at all" of continuing to run it. Also noteworthy, Target's cash reserves had been commonly perceived, and indeed touted, as one of the company's attractions, in the lead up to an auction process in which Tong Yang hugely outbid another potential buyer.
A theme underlying the court's decision seems to be that it could not find defendants intended to simply, in some sense, plunder the Target's assets. While prosecutors argued that Target in itself had nothing to gain from the merger, apparently the court saw the merger as at least in part based on commercial objectives not at odds with the continuing business, and saw it as a proceeding within the bounds of normal corporate decisions.
A fuller analysis of these issues, it is widely hoped, will be forthcoming from the Supreme Court in passing judgment on final appeal. That decision will likely prove a landmark of M&A-related law in Korea.
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